George's Blog For Friends

Galileo officially first saw with his newly invented telescope the craters on Moon in 1608. It is clear it was the ultimate proof to skeptics that Earth was similar to Moon, a globe floating in space. Because he saw on Moon craters similar to those on Earth. And those craters appeared as ovoid projections when looking closer to Moon's horizon, again suggesting or confirming the fact Moon was a sphere.

Next major evolutionary step in planetary study: Google Earth interactive 3D "telescope" that allows every one of us to see for the first time his own planet in the same time in detail and as a bigger picture. Like a martian would through an optical telescope, only better cause we can turn it around and zoom and tilt and also can see for the first time the bottom of the oceans using an interactive 3D interface.

For those who have enough internet speed and computing power, i invite you to click this link for a direct experience of the web version of Google Earth. It may take some time loading, again, depending on those two factors mentioned above.

Here is a simulation video on how the world's most famous crater was formed (the one that supposedly killed the dinosaurs 66 million years ago, which on geological time scale, is not much, Earth being way over 4.5 billion years old). I've been searching all day for something like this. Reason? Wanted to know if the material from a big (metal) meteorite will be either embedded in Earth's crust, buried deep in it, or get vaporized.

Motivation? Very simple, there are only a few places on surface of the Earth where gold and other precious metals can be found anymore, buried deep and in low concentrations and we know that they've been brought here by big metal asteroids, originating in neutron stars, after the cooling and solidifying of Earth's crust so they could be in much bigger amounts. The answer to that question will help me figure if there's anything important left and where.
But the answer is not simple, it all depends. On velocity, angle of descent, impact, size and composition.

According to the site where i took the video, this 11 km diameter simulated object entered tens of km into the Earth's crust before getting hot enough, by friction between its own compressing components, to explode and create the much larger crater.

Explanation on the site or better said what i understood from it: Friction was so intense and temperature so high because of pressure resulting from deceleration that most of it got vaporized by that heat while surrounding rock under it on the path of fall to some extent also got very hot and also vaporized and for an instant it was all kept pressurized by the same deceleration that heated them until fall and deceleration finally stopped, pressure was released and then they blew together up in the atmosphere.

Much of it spread and fell all around the globe in a thin, irretrievable layer but we know that a percentage from that object mixed with the crustal rock remained and was covered by the rock pushing back in the hole created by the crash, (also proving the theory that the current crust is not a contigous solid but more like an agglomeration of rocks). In the simulation a few blobs also flew vertically at high speed but not fast enough to escape Earth gravity and fell back in the crater.

Before Earth and the other rocky planets the space around our Sun was filled with rocks, most likely debris captured in orbit by Sun after the death of nearby neutron stars or maybe supernova, debris that were orbiting around Sun figuring a disk, pretty much like the asteroid belt, a remnant of that age still does today, but those being too far apart to clump together to form a new planet. Due to gravity those rocky debris started to hit together, melt and clump around the biggest in a process called accretion. As those grew bigger and their gravity stronger, the speed of impacts each adding momentum, though from random directions.

Here is an animation of what remained today of the original asteroid field circling the Sun, Earth's orbit being shown with white..

Thus, during first geological age of Earth, that of forming when Earth grew by clumping debris, asteroids and the smaller meteorites were still striking very frequently, basically adding "brick by brick" to the mass of Earth and temperature created by those impacts with the solidifying crust was keeping most of the planet melted except maybe for the inner core that was solidified by pressure.

However there is/was an opposite, cooling phenomenon. Water caught in chemical formulas in the freshly melted rocks brought by meteorites and asteroids started to outgas and bubble at the surface and when that water was reaching the edge of space, was freezing and falling back to earth then boiling again, in a cycle that was cooling the surface of the hot lava ocean and starting to form the solid crust we live on today. Comets are chunks of ice that mixed with rocks that melted and outgassed water that froze and are still orbiting around Sun.

Since accretion started to occur also in other points in space closer to Earth's orbit by the same process seen on Earth, we can assume that at a certain point in time there was in the vicinity of Earth at least one object similar in size to today's Moon that caught a "favorable" momentum after last impact with other large clumps and and got caught by Earth's gravity and started to rotate on a similar orbit the Moon does today. However, the multitude of asteroids and meteorites still present would slow it down while making it bigger and keep it melted, most of them hitting from against the direction of rotation or better said, that proto-Moon was actually sweeping the space around Earth of asteroids while growing and slowing down and lowering orbit.

Because of that sweeping action of the Moon, fewer asteroids started to fall on Earth which just started to cool more an form a thicker solid crust that at that time was featureless, with a uniform boiling ocean covering it.

At a certain point in time that first proto-Moon got too close to Earth to maintain orbit and simply fell spiraling onto Earth and merged with it in a cataclysmic event.

Due to transient hydrodynamic phenomena immediately after the merger giant blobs of melted material from the melted cores of both planets flew back into space, some, including the lightest (made mostly of silica) far enough and with enough rotating momentum to remain in orbit and form a new Moon, with the heavier ones falling back onto Earth to form the first continents and mountains. That impact modified the direction of rotation axis and speed of the Earth, and also left traces on the initially featureless crust on Earth, like first oceans, continents and mountains.

Here is a video made on space station showing the hydrodynamics of rejecting a blob from a sphere of water after it was hit by an initial blob.

Of course liquid rock (magma) is way less fluid than water and at this scale water has no gravity of its own to pull back the drops, the blobs being kept spherical by lack of any gravity and Van der Waals forces, but it's the closest similar thing i can show right now, short of again a supercomputer simulation (what do they do with those anyways, hammering the stock market?).

However they were most likely enough meteorites left in the vicinity of Earth to hit that Moon too and keep it melted and get slowed too and eventually fall back on Earth and that process repeated until they were no meteorites left, with every fall forming new oceans and continents. Earth itself was capturing meteorites by "mowing" them from the field with its gravity, which in the end it slowed it down until a big one changed its direction and that process repeated, this explaining several changings of direction of the magnetic field seen in rocks today, field created and maintained by electrojets which direction depends on the direction of the rotation axis.

Water vapor at the edge of space under solar radiation started to dissociate with releasing of oxygen and hydrogen which being the lightest element flew back in space. However the oxygen at highest altitudes again under solar radiation ionized and formed the ionosphere too. Convection currents in the ionosphere under Coriolis effect created the electrojets which in turn created the magnetic field with its protecting role on life. Electrojets are depending on Coriolis effect of which direction depends on direction of rotation.

Due to the way that last Moon was formed, the one we see today in the sky, mostly by merging of blobs and not by accretion of asteroids, there are on Moon features similar to those on Earth, like round seas and continents and mountains, though seas are voided of water. In fact, Mare Imbrium reminds me of the bottom of Pacific Ocean and US west coast as seen on Google Earth from west.

I don't know if the meteorite that created Chicxulub crater, (simulation in first video), the one that supposedly killed all the dinosaurs 66 million years ago was mostly made of metal. But i'm almost sure that the one that created Vredefort crater 2 billion years ago was. Because within 70 km of the center of that crater, southwest of Johannesburg, there is South Deep, one of the biggest gold mines in the world and there's another top ten one nearby. Most likely, the cause behind the creation of that country.

That crater that was created by one of the few asteroids that were still falling, had an initial radius of 300 km, also an inner "dome" or peak (inner circle of the bull's eye, visible on Google Earth, partially eroded during the 2 billion years since it was formed, of course by weather and water, which is missing on Moon).

I know that what i wrote so far is still in the realm of hypothesis or theory. But i will show something now that will convince many. Next stop on the virtual travel using Google Earth. Boddington mine near Perth in western Australia.

See those "rays starting west of Perth shooting in all directions in the bottom of the Indian Ocean? They are the same type of rays as seen on Moon and the official explanation for that is... rocks thrown after an impact. They are again mining on the bottom of a metal meteorite crater.

Next stop. Aleutian Islands, North Pacific Ocean. To me, at first it looked like a big one hit north of the Ocean and that arch of islands is the remaining of the outer rim. Bering Sea also has its bottom much higher than that of the ocean. Suggesting the newcomer actually... added some material on top of the crust? Must have been a slow-mo one liquid one. Pushing that material over the bottom of the ocean, sort of like a semi-solid fog bank. And we can see the material from that one didn't go deep in the Earth or blew into the atmosphere. Most likely a heavy blob from the merger with a Moon that didn't go very far and fell back in slow motion.

Being closest, could have been a heavy blob, maybe from the cores of the two merging planets, in which case it could contain massive amounts of heavy metals. I can see now i was wrong when i said the heavy metals from the core of a planet can never be brought to the surface.

Lighter and heavier blobs landed everywhere forming mountain chains of which, by their appearances one is the Himalayas.

But after figuring that out and taking another look it seems the whole Asian continent, from Bering Sea to Himalayas and Philippines Sea have been formed (or topped) by blobs that fell from above, with most in the direction of moving descending of one of the Moons that "fell" at an angle, again some 4.5 billion years ago, at the same time with creation of the Moon. A process that seems, by its today's remains, very messy.

Do you see the southern rim of the Himalayas? It looks exactly like the ridge in the Pacific Ocean south of Aleutians. We can see even parts of it (left and right) flowing off before the blob solidified completely

The bigger picture, all the whole "mess" left behind by the collision of Earth with that planet or what we call today the Asian continent. We can see blobs that fell and solidified in top of each other.

When the last Moon before current one hit the Earth most likely changing the axis of rotation of the Earth or tilting it the way we know it today, slowing rotation, etc., it came on a descent angle from west to east, and the earth moved eastwards while the blobs fell behind creating eastern Asia with waves in front of the impact topping the crust forming the coastal mountains of Americas.

Colorado Plateau, Columbia River Plateau were formed later by smaller asteroids

What is most intriguing is the presence of such diverse minerals in the area of today's Utah and Arizona. By the processes of formation previously described the original crust and core of the planet should be pretty homogeneous and made of the lightest materials that separated at the surface before the mergers with the moons. So they can only be explained by later additions to that crust. Which could not have been asteroids because there's no craters.

The only explanation that remains is they could be ejection blobs after a liquid merger, but they do not resemble those seen in East Asia, either by composition or shape. Explanation of the composition is they they could be parts of the inner core of the old Moon, with heavy metals it it. How did they get there. There seem to be clues at the bottom of the ocean, features that are called by mainstream science "mid ocean ridges" created by the hypothetical tectonic plates pushing against each other.

They cannot be such because of several reasons. There are 4 of those, pretty close to each other respect to "usual" size of a hypothetical tectonic plate, quite parallel and most important, there are no cracks in between ridges to explain movements of the "plates" towards each other. There cannot be that many convection currents that would look like long blankets coming out of the magma and going back in the whole lengths of those or like a long bar with a u shaped cross section, that is most of the bottom of the ocean. The only other explanations is they are scratches caused by solid rocks flying at high speed, most likely eastwards, most likely fragments from the same collision and by the composition of those rocks at their final "resting point" in Utah and Arizona they can only be coming from the inner core of the merged Moon.

The only problem that remains is to explain how and where they got out of the Earth as rejection blobs and why they had this momentum, parallel with Earth's surface.

But first another question. Anyone can guess what happens with the core of a planet that has melting temperature, solidified by pressure, when it is suddenly released of that pressure like being pushed at the surface after a merger by ejecting hydrodynamic forces like in the experiment on the Space Station above? Does it turn to liquid instantly, slowly, does it explode, does it turn to pieces?

How about near horizontally landing meteorites landing on ocean. Could one of these have landed in today's western Pacific Ocean and plowing the bottom all the way to east than jumping on dry land and ending in today's Utah? A big asteroid which path or orbit could not be influenced by Earth's gravity's anomalies came down on Earth spiraling and after several rotations it landed on a very low angle, close to horizontal, sort of like a glider, coming from west and touching south of the Sea of Philippines after it broke in the lowest, densest layers of the atmosphere in several pieces which plowed the bottom of the ocean, jumping over the West Coast mountain ranges and landing there. If it would have hit land first it would have probably exploded and vaporized like the one in the video simulation, causing a mass extinction event, or jumped back into space, instead it hit the ocean at an angle close to horizontal and the ocean acted like a break, allowing the pieces after plowing the bottom to land relatively intact on the other side of the mountains. This could have happened any time and possibly during our time, that is in the last 10000 years, maybe ending the last ice age.

BTW do you see the nice horsy with T-Rex legs going west towards those craters. Wonder what can that be, a joke of God? What we know for sure, it was there when that passage of Bible was written.

Bingo. That horse is a fire hound.

Atlantic Ocean with its many lines at the bottom seem to have been pounded by many asteroids, from west to east in the same way you would turn a piece of a wobbling log on a lathe.

If that log was a sphere and had gravity it still would not hold water on top of the newly created surface, however falling asteroids also have a vertical component of momentum and that surface will be a bit deeper than in this image. A few kilometers deep compared to the radius of Earth of 6 378.1 km

At this point to me it looks like the Atlantic Ocean was dug by asteroids falling west to east from the asteroid field remaining after accretion and pushed the scratched material in Africa and Europe.

It was the time when Earth's orbit was still filled with asteroids, all arranged in the planetary plane (a disk surrounding the Sun, pretty much like the rings of Saturn containing the planets). In this artist's rendition those moons around Saturn can figure the planets around Earth, the path before and after that moon is shown cleared, but i think. The asteroids and moons of Saturn are rotating at the same angular speed because weight does not count when orbiting, only speed and distance from center of rotation. However Earth had a significant gravity and was "mowing" all the surrounding asteroids creating a void it around it and its a rotation speed that gave the falling asteroids a spiral trajectory (in Earth's coordination system) when falling and that rotation added a horizontal component to the falling speed. Unless this is not an artist rendition but a more realistic composition.

Asteroids due to lack of gravity (which increases with weight, or volume or radius at the power of 3) at remaining smaller sizes (biggest started the accretion and were already caught by Earth or Moon earlier) were bumping rather then hitting each other and melting and fusing together and that was creating sort of like a brownian motion in the field replenishing the void.

The reason was they all came at approximately the same longitude is Earth was Earth slightly wobbling as a result of the huge depression we today call the Pacific Ocean again created by after an impact with a liquid moon, crust freezing before reshaping completely, due to water that again, flowed over from rest of the planet after the impact), the opposite half being slightly "taller" than the side with the ocean. However in the vicinity of the ocean, where the blobs that flew in space after the original impact and fell back, heaviest first, were also the newly created mountains that also solidified on top of the crust as a result of presence of water which again, boiled and went into space where it condensated on the nearby asteroids and came back later as comets.

The asteroids' last paths of descending were affected by these gravity disturbances which were asymmetric, with more mountains like the Hymalayas and Rockies on northern hemisphere. This way, those falling on northern Atlantic Ocean, affected (attracted) by the mountains were falling earlier. The smallest who fell up north at even lower speed (rotation speed decreases with increasing of latitude) melted on impact and piled creating Greenland while the bigger still carving a narrower ocean. Further up north, no more asteroids falling because it was above the asteroid field.

Once falling at an angle on the left side of Atlantic ocean, they were not melting or exploding because of compression at impact because falling on water, having a relatively low speed (on a cosmic scale) and not burning in the atmosphere with only the closest from the field being caught by Earth rest still being held there by the combining gravity of all the others.

The reason some of the African soil is unstable with so much sand (silica) that gave birth to Sahara desert must be the minerals in it are the lightest, being scratched and brought by asteroids from the crust that separated at the surface of liquid globe when Earth was formed while asteroids themselves being heavier. In the case or Romania, again, a metal one must have flown over the continent after splashing and re-emerged from the ocean and landed there.

The fact that these were falling from today's west to east indicates that at the time Earth was rotating the other way around, faster than today, probably since the splashing impact that created the mountains around western Pacific. By "mowing" asteroids in the original asteroid field that were digging the Atlantic Ocean Earth slowed that rotation until one of them, probably the Utah one gave it enough momentum to start rotating the other way around, as we see it today tilting rotating axis and reversing magnetic field recorded in rocks that solidified before and after that event, around 780 million years ago. (BTW have you caught a rabbit lately?)

Maybe this late "scraping" process can still be seen on the moons of other planets with rings, on a different scale, via strongest telescopes or by a space mission. Here is real image of Saturn by Hubble. As i said, previous one was an artist's rendition, showing the moons in the ring's plane. However in a real image, they are shown apart. However they should pass through the rings, at least twice a year since orbits of all planets of a system should pass through any other's planes if they are not already in the same plane like in the solar system. Probably can't find any detailed real image of one of the moons, maybe except the greater one, Titan. They assume Enceladus is full of ice because of its great reflectivity. Keep searching but probably the best picture of Titan is that in the last link. A bit disappointed, a bit confused like so many others because of the many unreal renditions out there that every once in a while keep popping in the news, just to keep us entertained.

Ok. Here's some real pictures of the largest moons in our solar systems including our own, for comparison. There are merging oceans ( Ganymede, should see the other side), rays (traces) of asteroids exploding on surface, (on Europa, which seems made of ice, the near horizontally landing asteroids should circle it like, how many times?), traces of plowing asteroids and meteorites, but can't possible say if there's carved seas. One of the reason you can't see those clearly in existing pictures like you see the Atlantic Ocean on Google Earth is exaggeration of the scale of depth on Google Earth. In reality, Pacific Ocean's deepest point is at -10 km, with Everest at 8, while Earth's radius is 6357. Can't see those without mapping and i don't believe Google would send a space ship just to map them like it took pictures of most streets and houses on earth or of all features of the depths of oceans using hired sonar ships. (Maybe should have installed one of those multi-ocelli sphere cameras on Musk's car). But maybe, maybe, that brown area on Europa is a meteorite dug depression in ice, proving my theory.

Rotating near horizontally landing iron asteroids and meteorites do like to zigzag ice on one area more than others on Jupiter's Europa (hope the picture is real). However Europa is tidally locked to Jupiter, always showing the same face towards it. Maybe the area we see in the image is the one it exposes to dust when it passes through the rings

Here we can see there are different opinions about the brown stains of Europa. In the following screenshot you can see people can be confused about which way our Moon rotates.

From what we see on the icy surface of Europe, the rotation speed of asteroids makes them leave a zigzagging trace on the ground.

The last major extinction event on Earth occurred 252 million years ago is synchronous with the apparition of Siberian Traps, one of the large igneous provinces on Earth. Unfortunately i cannot see with Google Earth any obvious traces of an asteroid ending up there. In the mean time i ran into a geological tool also based on Google Earth that tells you with a simple click on map or globe the age of rocks. The age is given in geological eras and not in Ma (Million years ago) so you have to go to a legend to see the age in Ma, if you're not a geologist. However the map is intuitive because youngest rock formations are shown in red, oldest in violet. Being based on Google Earth again you would need a decent computer to be able to use it.

In this screenshot from OneGeology portal mentioned in the link above my guess is the asteroid landed again in the ocean where the crater can be seen as the agglomeration of islands in the middle of the screenshot (near Zemlya Georga) or even before, in Iceland. By falling on ocean (Actic) it did not explode on impact but heated up and partially melted and rolled three thousands km SE, in the red area, the above mentioned Siberian Traps, where the events, so called lava eruptions that last 2 million years and wiped out 75% of vertebrate species on Earth (and 98% of those in oceans) again 252 million years ago. As a result of the impact crust cracked again at the bottom of the ocean in deepest areas, with eruptions of lava from the melted core of planet.

Another one, this time coming from today's south (of Maldives) and ending in western India, forming the Deccan Traps, ...66 million years ago!

Pictured with both Google Earth and OneGeology because on the latest you can't see well the bottom of Indian Ocean.

Two more in South Atlantic. One coming from west, one from east creating igneous provinces in Africa and South America. No, i don't believe in Pangaea, drifting continents and tectonic plates, just because they fit some creationist myths. Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago and continents started drifting 335 million years ago, after magma has cooled and crust thickened? The igneous province in Africa said to be remnant of CAMP is younger (138 vs 208-201).

At this point i started to believe that asteroids which touch down on dry land at very low angles, like those in oceans shown in last images are bouncing back into space or bounce until they heat an ocean. Cause for all of the igneous provinces i looked so far i found traces only in oceans.

Without knowing the truth about the past there can be no manageable future.

Ethiopia-Yemen Continental Flood Basalts (red on OneGeo) seem to be aligned with Gulf o Aden and Arabian Sea but there's also a crater forming Seychelles archipelago south of it.

Spain and Pyrenees. Two distinct craters one on top of others, a whole depression like "a see of tranquility" (where crust melted) west of it. It was a time when Earth was not rotating very fast. Italy. One came from today's south, created Tyrrhenian Sea and jumped and formed the Alps. But it's weird cause data show parts of the Alps are very old (blue on map) and parts very new (brown, red), talking about billions of years difference. Could it be the impact raised the crust. Romania and Carpathian Mountains. Landing in Black Sea coming from today's east. Macedonia. Coming from south of Italy.

Romania. Nort-west area of the Black Sea is filled with sediments from Danube. Black Sea was probably bigger covering what today is Eastern Romania and the first impact pushed the crust higher. There are traces of the "jump" with violet in Eastern Romania near Danube Delta, of the same ages (about 500 Ma) with Southern Carpathians.

There is a black area on the geological maps that on the legend is shown as impact. Don't know the age of that impact, but it was in that area where the solid core of a semiliquid one landed. Rest of it was not solid since it didn't leave a crater but small mountains, called Western Carpathian, a mountainous ring with a dome in the middle with the diameter of 70 km and the core that landed in middle was made of heavy metals. There are important gold deposits in those mountains, the biggest in Europe. Roșia Montana is just an old site mined since the Romans.

There are numerous places with names starting with Baia, in and outside this map which suggest washing stations for mines. Also Criș comes from a Sanskrit word meaning gold.

Here is a zoom from the above image showing how the site of Roșia Poieni, a few km south from Roșia Montana looks today. A quarry with the diameter of 1 km, a sterile deposit with the diameter of 1.5 km, something green leaking in a river. What intrigues me again is the name of a place, Vința, which pronounces in the same way as the name of the old Danubian Civilization i wrote about in another blog post.

George's Blog For Friends

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