The molecules of liquids and gasses both attract and repel each other because of spatially distributed electrical charges of their molecules. They are also in a continuous so called Brownian motion where all molecules hit others exchanging speed and energy, the faster ones loosing energy to the slower.
Both within liquids and gases speed distribution a normal or Gaussian because they hit each others every time at a different angles and positions respect to the position of the electric charges presented at collision time which means in both phases more molecules move close to average speeds and fewer close to smaller and higher speeds.
However there are big differences in speed between the two phases, liquid and gaseous. In a closed container that holds liquid at bottom and gas on top fewer molecules in gaseous phase move much faster in order to create the same pressure and temperature as those much more numerous in the liquid phase below.
They do it because only at higher speeds they can brake the electrical bonds between them.
We also have to consider the simple fact that a molecule with a spatially distributed electric charge and weight would have a rotation energy.
In liquid phase molecules rotate less mostly oscillating because they have to stay bonded with each other. For this reason their distribution of speeds or entropy is smaller than for gases. The model is also complicated because they all move within a gravitation field which acts to completely separate the liquid and gaseous phase.
Some of the total energy of molecules moving withing a gas or liquid or the so called thermal agitation is stored in the rotation momentum, not only straight linear or curve line motion momentum (because of reciprocal attraction or repelling of the electric charges their trajectories between two hits might not be a straight line but parables or more complicated ones).
So after all, the so called difference in entropy between gases and liquids could be nothing more than difference of rotation speed component of molecules within the two phases.
Turning a gas into a liquid involves bonding of the molecules and stopping of their rotation movement or reducing it to wave oscillation within a matrix.
Also. When compressing the gas molecules with a linear reciprocating motion compressor on average we do not add rotation but only linear motion and when cooling them after compression like in an AC we extract mostly rotation because the solid molecules on the side of the pipe vibrate mostly around a rotating point but do not move freely.
But what happens to the thermal agitation within the liquid if all molecules are attached to others in more than one point? Will they vibrate as a piece of jello? Are they constantly breaking just to get immediately attached to others? Probably both depending on the temperature and of course at the surface near the interface there will be more breakages and reattachment then at depth.
From this google search however we can see there are many theories about this extraordinarily common, complex and overlooked phenomenon of which none seem to completely follow the intuitive dynamic molecular approach i'm trying to describe here.
If we completely remove air from a container filled partially with a liquid then close it will instantly boil until it will fill the vacuum with gas that achieves the necessary pressure for the two phases to coexist but due to gravity the liquid phase will separate at the bottom and there will be also a membrane like separating surface between the two also due to electrical attraction between molecules in liquid form at the surface.
However there are other theories that say the membrane is more of a wave like structure with an ever changing shape.
"This series of experiments led to consideration of some profound questions about the nature of the gas/liquid interface, particularly when distances are measured in nanometers. At this scale, liquids don’t have a sharp edge; rather the transition to a gas occurs slowly and is often “wavy.” Tiny “capillary” waves create a dynamic surface on liquids that look a lot like a rough sea to the molecules on both sides of the interface. And, the shorter the length scale under scrutiny, the rougher things get. To a molecule, a “placid” liquid surface can look like a snapshot of water boiling!"
We may always have spatially distributed changes in the normal distribution of molecular speeds and densities next to the surface of a stable liquid-gas closed system with changes in temperature which may be measurable or subject of computer simulations and eventually used as a power source.
"It is shown that the presence of the temperature gradient at the interface due to evaporation leads to reduction of the surface tension. The results of MD simulations are in agreement with the results of thermodynamic approach."
"previous simulation studies have mostly examined the bulk thermodynamics of water evaporation, treating water as a continuum, and neglecting effects tied to individual molecules." "Each time a liquid water molecule enters the vapor phase, a coordinated dance of several molecules is involved, according to simulations."
This is one step closer to prove that molecules that evaporate have a minimal and narrow speed range and as soon as they are in gas phase they start absorbing energy from the other molecules just to get at "normal speeds" and this is where one part of the heat absorption through evaporation happens.
But for that molecule to survive above surface it needs a first hit from the molecules of the walls of the reservoir or from another molecule coming from behind that eventually gets back in the liquid loosing its energy. Otherwise it will be hit from one above and return to water with more or less energy than when it escaped while that molecule hitting from above will loose some energy by hitting a slower one and a domino effect will start and a temperature gradient will be created.
By removing the fast molecules on top with a compressor or even with a fan more lower energy and lower entropy molecules from liquid will raise, creating a bigger temperature gradient.
Let's now talk about heat pumps. If for the practicality of this demonstration we use a liquid with boiling point @ environmental temperatures and pressures and instead of a reservoir we partially fill a radiator made of a winding pipe and start extracting gas from it with a compressor, there will be more room for molecules in the gas phase, the pressure will decrease and the liquid will release more molecules but only at speeds close to thermal vibration of the liquid which are much slower thus colder than environment that would start to the fill volume and heat up or catch molecular speed from the molecules of the pipe of the radiator due to temperature difference with environment while cooling the radiator and the gas towards the end of the pipe next to the compressor will have again normal speed distribution and environmental temperature though at lower pressure.
The compressor will have a side effect and that is heating up the gas at temperatures higher than environment because of the movement of the piston that accelerates the moving molecules. So we can add a second radiator right after the compressor with a valve at the end that holds pressure called relief valve that would cool the gas with the relief valve connected back to the first radiator in a closed circuit.
At some point the compressed gas inside the second radiator will start to cool and turn into a liquid but at a higher pressure.
Molecules in the second radiator at some point through cooling though at higher pressure will start to pair or form chains or clumps with much lower average speeds than gas because as liquid they have to stay within the speed limit of breaking the electrical bonds of molecules at that pressure for existing as liquid.
Then the relief valve that holds the higher pressure at the end of second radiator ensuring cooling of the freon at higher pressure inside will let liquid freon go back into the first radiator at a lower pressure when it starts turning into gas again or restart the cycle from the beginning. And this is the description of design and working of the current heat pumps and ACs through molecular dynamics interpretation. Of course there are formulas and all pressures and parameters and capacities of different components that have to stay within certain limits for the whole system to work efficiently but mainly this is how it works.
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I think the main phenomenon is: fast and slow molecules during compression all collapse into electrical bondage at the same speed or energy regardless of their initial speed while loosing their extra energy to the environment in the second radiator due to higher temperature and pressure created by the compressor in the same time being released from bondage during decompression in the second radiator at constant speeds or spead of electrical bonds breakage instead of random and higher speeds thus decreasing entropy for the system.
Also in the second radiator the system dumps energy by slowing speed for every molecule individually, no matter what its initial speed until their speed is right for pairing or bonding it with another molecule to become liquid and removing it from the gas and this can be done only at higher pressure and temperature than the environment with the help of the compressor also decreasing entropy for each molecule individually.
This happens again through molecular selection. Only those with right speed, no higher will turn into liquid at the surface.
If faster molecules end up inside the liquid phase, their heat or energy will be distributed in the rest of the liquid and lost at the contact with the pipe and cooling it while the others will continue hitting each others in the walls of the pipe of the radiator loosing speed and heat or energy to the colder molecules of the metal pipe which in turn looses is to the environment until new ones are selected.
In the end all molecules with random speeds will end up in the liquid phase with more constant speed and position and at evaporation emerging molecules are selected like in Maxwell's thought experiment with the extra heat lost in the environment in the second radiator.
Most types of molecules that can exist both in gaseous and liquid form are not symmetrical, both mechanically and electrically. There is a distribution of mass and electrical charge within the molecule which can result in molecule having a rotation moment that can be exchanged with other molecules and into linear momentum and back.
Let's imagine we have a semi filled container with a single type of molecules with uneven spatial distribution of mass and electrical charges and some of it exists in gas form above the surface of liquid where there is a continuous exchange of molecules from the liquid phase into gas phase and back.
There is a continuous motion of molecules which stands for the temperature and pressure of the mass of that liquid.
Due to spatiality of the electrical charges the molecules in liquid form tend to arrange in a matrix like pattern at least temporarily and in limited volumes. Electrostatic forces between water molecules in a liquid are also called hydrogen bonds.
Image taken from https://www.mbi-berlin.de/en/research/projects/3.1/highlights/MolStructDynamics-2006.html (now link is broken) trying to figure water molecules in a matrix within liquid phase.
Molecules moving "freely" in gaseous form have much higher speeds because their pressure have to equate the pressure of the more numerous but slower moving molecules in liquid form. Also it is thought gas molecules in a closed container move around following a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of their linear speeds.
Molecules in both phases besides linear speed that creates pressure have a rotation speed that also carries energy.
All molecules in both phases move around in complex patterns. Those in liquid phase oscillate around in a circular motion and move linearly together in wave like patterns within a matrix.
In the gas phase there is rotation and "random" linear motion between two collisions when molecules exchange linear and rotation speed while molecules with higher energy loose some to those with lower.
At the surface there is a continuous exchange of molecules between gas and liquid.
Rotation moment of the molecules caught in the matrix of a liquid is more uniform then the rotation moment of molecules in gas form because of hydrogen bonds.
The distribution of momentum and energy necessary for the molecules to escape from the liquid is also within a narrower band than normal distribution or just above the energy necessary to break electric bondage at the surface while the energy lost by molecules moving within a normal distribution that are "caught" at the surface of the liquid varies within a normal distribution. (Maxwell-Boltzmann). However they collide right away with the other molecules in gas form and go back to a normal distribution of speed.
However heat pumps have one area where molecules are converted from gaseous form to liquid (condensation) and another one where liquid is converted back to gas (evaporation). Evaporated or escaped molecules do not meet right away with those of a normal distribution.
We can say the two surfaces separating gas and liquid phase in a heat pump can play the role of the gate in Maxwell's experiment, regulating "entropy" by changing the distribution of gas molecule from normal distribution to a narrow band distribution.
We know from practice that heat pumps are over unity devices (producing more energy than consume).
Anybody who took some physics in HS and has a little imagination can understand how Maxwell's Demon thought experiment works.
So far it has been understood though the experiment is only evocative or allegorical as it can not work in reality.
You have two rooms full of gas molecules with a door in the middle, small enough for only one molecule to pass at the time. If you possess a demon (a small enough intelligent being) that has the capacity to open the small door and the energy used to open and close that door would be negligible and the demon would be smart enough to open the door each time when a fast molecule comes from right and close it when a fast one comes from left, after a while you would have all the slow molecules in the right room and all the fast ones in the left. And of course that difference of temperature could create energy if using something like a Stirling motor. But you could also commandeer the demon to open the door for all molecules coming from right or left and after a while you would have vacuum in one room and pressure in the other which again you could use to power something.
I think i've identified a couple of instances when this is happening in nature or within existing technology. Let's say you have a similar room filled with a gas with a layer of liquid of the same substance at the bottom (separated by gravity), at a pressure both phases can coexist. Due to thermal agitation there will be a continuous exchange of molecules between gas and liquid phases. However, molecules move much faster in gas phase than liquid. Because of that the molecules escape the liquid at a slower speed than some (of the fastest) gas molecules enter back the same liquid. Also, as soon as the slower raising (evaporating) molecules get hit by faster ones in the gas phase, they should enter back the liquid again at lower speeds than fastest moving in upper layer of gas and so on. So you would have a small strata at the surface of the liquid where gas will have a lower temperature that the rest.
No matter how much i've searched, i could not find anything clear and simple about such a commonly seen phenomena, the speed of electrons moving in a metal. Main reason is, you guessed, nobody ever saw them moving. Everybody agrees the electrons inside a metal are in a cloud like state, with electrons moving freely around. But as for the speed, there are many differences of opinions, because of the different models they use. In classical physics, that can explain some of the phenomena, they are moving at speeds comparable to speed of light. In quantum, you guessed, they are waveforms and the speeds can't be known exactly. However they all agree about the drift speed, the speed at which the electric charges of electrons move together when an external electric field is applied, creating what they call an "electric current" but that speed is excruciatingly slow, for practical currents, (where conductors will be stable or won't heat up and vaporise) the speeds are in the order of mm/sec. From that and from calculations it results that only a very small fraction of moving electrons or better said only a small fraction or the axial component of the speed of electrons makes our practical current.
However much more is known about the flow of currents in pure (intrinsic) semiconductors. When an electric field is applied, electrons jump from one atom to another, leaving behind "holes" that in turn are creating again electric fields (on top of the externally applied field) that are attracting other electrons in a cascading effect. This way, the average speed of electrons jumping around is always limited, if not constant at a few discrete values (have to consider acceleration and deceleration between two jumps or the paths of electrons). I found a GIF that illustrates this phenomenon.
The more interesting part happens however whey you put two of these together, on the left a pure metal and at right next to it a pure semiconductor like in series and attach a battery on the sides (your electric field) in such a way (polarity) that electrons will flow from the metal into the semiconductor. Electrons cannot enter the semiconductor at the speeds they float around in metal but only at drifting speed.
Though some models say electrons move around at speeds comparable to speed of light, in all directions, if a bunch of those would hit the semiconductor they will vaporise it, hower that is not happening. What is happening though and we can measure it, is an electric current (same) is flowing through both and the speed of that current is "regulated" by the jump speed of electrons in semiconductor.
We all know that any current generated by an external field that translates into drifting (axial motion) of the electrons through a metal generates heat. Some models predict drifting current represent a very small fraction of the motion of electrons. However if the electrons were moving in the metal at high speed, they will be slowed down by collisions with the lattice and all their energy will be turned into heat.
Though, ultimately heat itself keep the electrons moving. Compared to materials that don't have free electrons, at the same temperature the lattice itself will agitate less because some of the heat will be carried by (free moving) electrons. As i just read on a site, metal is part solid with a gas or liquid (of electrons) flowing through it, which explains thermal conductivity and other phenomena.
(By this simple idea i think we can actually calculate the non-drifting average speed of the electrons at different temperatures, by rule of three or something close including the lattice vibration, starting with the temperature difference and drift speed generated by a current that we can calculate. Which shouldn't be that high. Actually comparable with the drift speed).
By continuing this line of reasoning. At a metal/semiconductor junction with flowing of current from metal to semiconductor, electrons from the metal will be caught in newly created "holes" within the semiconductor due to external field but also due to field created by the hole itself. But within certain limits, of various speeds and directions, since the speed and generally motion of electrons in metal is random due to collisions with its own lattice. Some of them will have axial speeds exceeding the capacity of the semiconductor lattice to retain them (both external and hole field) and will be rejected back in the metal though at a lower speeds (some momentum of the electron will be transferred throughout the lattice, creating agitation or heat), where they will collide again with metal's lattice again and eventually some will come back at lower speed and be retained after a number of cycles and finally start jumping, in the direction of the field, maybe a bit more at first, but not enough to overheat the lattice (we know how keep the current below that limit, from previous trials), with again some momentum (heat) transferred between them and semiconductor lattice, until all they all reach "regular" jumping speed. So here again we come to the conclusion that electrons are being selected by the junction in a way similar to molecules in Maxwell's experiment, though in both "rooms" particles (electrons) are constantly moving (flowing) to the right though in metal they are moving more, because they are moving in all directions and carry some of the total thermal energy of the metal. So from a cloud of electrons moving randomly through the metal lattice at thermal agitation speed and drifting speed in the electrical field we extract in the semiconductor only those moving at drifting speed and we can all agree that the drifting speed is lower than the average speed of electrons moving in the metal lattice.
Some would call these phenomena that occur all around us "rectifying" the brownian motion (of molecules or electrons) and it has been admitted by mainstream that if this would be possible, it would be a source of unlimited energy. That's where our intelligence must intervene and harvest the free energy that exist all around us. (If only we wouldn't be so busy with plotting and be slaves to fake theories).
Would the universe collapse or fragment or shatter into multiverses if we start doing that? I don't think so cause heat pumps do this for decades and nothing happened so far (that we know about, or maybe the Universe is not expanding so much anymore).
1:26 AM I don't know if i can continue like this. Is too much. Every time i post something they come with a counter something. Like this news. Look at the first paragraphs and the title. An ocean caught in a type of rock 400 miles beneath Earth's surface that actually is a hydrated mineral. No ocean, no waves, no nothing. The title is just a figure of speech.
It is known for a long time there are vast underground liquid water resources. They are called aquifers. Sometimes they are km deep and closed and can overheat causing earthquakes.
I am one single person against a world conspiracy that started centuries ago and is so well established is invisible.
Most people are caught in jobs controlled by them and have their money in retirement funds invested in stocks that are over evaluated by hundreds of times (market capital vs real assets), being true Ponzi schemes (Yes the magnificent 7 are most important of those).
The world as we know it has been designed by them to be used by them.
Honestly i myself cannot imagine a world without them being in control. A transition to something else would be too traumatic for everybody.
It is obvious a struggle has already begun and that was marked first by the so called pandemic and now a threatening war in Ukraine.
10:05 Here is the most quick, efficient and cheap way (it cost 0 dollars and needs none of your time) to fix sticky valves to a car.
They do manifest sometimes with ticking noise, sometimes with annoying vibration of the engine at low RPM or both. Loss of power (and efficiency) mostly at low RPM.
Here's the method. When real close to a destination when you can stop the engine within seconds and going coasting downhill.
Most newest automatic transmission with lockup torque converter assist with breaking like if you left your manual transmission in a higher gear and release the gas.
During releasing the gas pedal the transmission will stay shifted in gear still and the engine will "swallow" air but no gas will come out of the injectors, allowing cooling of the valves.
Then you can do the "spray" maneuver. Hit the gas pedal intermittently real fast to the floor like maybe 3 times a second with no holding, so the car would not have time to accelerate (or maybe just a bit), about 10-20 times, and then stop and shut the engine as quickly as possible. Do not accelerate after the maneuver.
(Do not attempt this if you are not a seasoned driver).
The throttle would open intermittently following the gas pedal, triggering (or better said tricking) the opening of the injectors which would spray liquid gasoline on the cooled valves. Then you should not accelerate but just stop and leave the car alone for a a few hours. Can do it at the end of any trip without interfering with your activities.
The liquid gasoline sprayed on the cooled valves and surrounding areas would penetrate the carbon deposits and soften them and breaking them loose during the next drive.
Side effects. Like any valve cleaning using a solvent, if you do it too much some gasoline would go in the cylinder chamber and wash you cylinder walls possibly contaminating the crankcase (and of course the oil) with gasoline and soot.
The effects would not last long as more oil from PCV and soot from EGR and the mixture on the walls of the intake not touched by the "spray" trickling would build new deposits on the back of the valves soon. You can prevent oil getting in the intake with a catch can.
If you spray valve cleaner in the intake through the throttle and/or vacuum ports, with same side effects, like possibly getting some in the crankcase, and you will vacuum the remaining mixture (cleaner and oil and soot) from the intake, will get longer lasting results.
Otherwise, it will again trickle up and dry out, with similar results as the "spray" maneuver described above.
4:40 Have opened the sliding door just to look upstairs. The blinds are off which means a human is now acting there. Shut the door and one minute later a kid with a backpack "coming from school" passed by, ft away from it. About 14, Latino looking Asian, possibly Philipino. Like the fat woman from upstairs. Possibly at 4.
All they needed was me to make a pizza so they can make another entrance.
They are smart and only make noise when i move around (sprinkling my pizza with dust from the ceiling). However i will upload a sample.
1:25 Could not sleep because of smell of cigarettes. I dressed and went to search for butts. I found a few at the other end of the building where you could hear a baby crying at Apt.1 or 3. But when i went to throw those what did i see. A bunch of garbage sacks some huge between the bin and the mystery van. Rained upon and broken. A van with homeless people that sits on a non parking space near the garbage bin where i saw a few times a guy who looks like him.
Today (yesterday, it's after 1 AM) was garbage day and the bin was emptied. The sacks were leaning against the bin. And a couple of boxes with donated food that have been rained upon. A girl in the alley with Kim Kardashian style body though shorter (Asian) came next to the bin and was picked by a car.
In my way back i found the culprit. A pack of cigarettes, don't know if it still have some in it, crushed by cars, in the middle of the alley. I think i tore my new jacket when i squeezed between the van and the bin or the yellow pole in between.
Got a skin infection on my arm that is almost one month old (since the day of the inspection). A lesion in the middle about 15 mm diameter from scratching with missing epiderma, and fungus all around it. Today i put some liquid skin on it and started oral antibiotics. Just changed my dressings and put some hydrocortisone before i went outside, but by coming near that garbage, my wound is itching again like crazy and the arm is red that side. Also stress always triggers the itch.
11:45 Following my accusations of non-randomness, settings and hands shown or given to enticing to play more hands at casinos, a number of news today about cheating. Their old method of covering a scandal with another. NFL, Chess.
4:23 Big relief from itching with Amoxicillin. Which means it's not fungal? It turned red at the bottom (was white), granulates, then turns orange and releases a liquid and goes back to the same height in a cycle. Liquid skin fell when i wiped with alcohol and it damaged the rims anyways which became from skin color to pink. Skin around it became from skin color to red.
Still smelled like cigarettes, went outside, found none but other items including a wet chair and a dog poop. They've been revving all day their big engines.
Talking about revving. At times during my walks i get to see a big pickup with black canopy with this logo on, going in the residential area between 65 and Borland, can't remember if it makes a big sound (like the one i hear right now from outside) but for some reason it seams nazi and offending. The same with Leavitt logo on big vans.
5:08 It looks like somebody put a few Big Macs on the stairs and children came here. Now they're at my door. Speaking Spanish with Japanese accent. Wanted to take a picture of the one Big Mac remaining, they got into the picture. An adult was yelling. They're big, at least 10 years old. A dog is barking.
5:13 Now the're on the stairs right in front of the window.
5:19 Now they left with the stuff remaining on the stairs.
5:20 Now i can hear them again. Maybe i should call the office. But the stairs are common space, the'll say.
5:23 Now the're eating.
5:35 Now the're gone and left the phone and empty boxes here.
6:05 Just looked and the phone is gone.
7:05 There is this choking smell in the air. I went to check outside and what do i see. Angela went and told them to take it away. They didn't. Now Angela went to throw it in the garbage. The perfect trap. No matter what we did we would look bad. I think one of them lives in the one level apartment in the next building.
7:53 Every time i feel this smoke later i have a terrible urge to drink. But i was so scared with the wound i didn't buy anything anymore. Today i saw it responded to antibiotics, but it's too late for liquor store.
I figured one of the reasons i got this. My new jacket has very narrow sleeves inside, because they're filled with some insulation and some synthetic linen. My hands barely fit inside. So my right hand started to itch, i scratched, and voila. Then i used every antifungal, antibiotic and anti-itch cream in the store but it continued to spread.
7:58 Now one of the kids probably tho whom it belonged those boxes ringed at the door.
This is the doubling. It's all happening because i wrote i found (big boxes) with food behind the garbage bin last night that have been rained upon together with 10 sacks of trash leaning near the empty bin.
8:06 More ringing at the door. We're leaving to the stores.
2:15 I was thinking earlier today. If those never produced any results, or the promised results are decades away, they could be used for something else. Like the centrifugal force that act on the rotating plasma could again crackopen the space to re-create the original void (before the big bang) inside the middle tower...
This commentator does not agree with the fact plasma is rotating inside a tokamak. However, in plasma state of matter, electrons and nucleons separate in a magnetic field and i think we have two currents rotating in two different directions and the heavy nucleons will rotate on the outer diameter, driven by the centrifugal force.
BTW i don't agree with the fact that plasma can be "contained" with the help of a magnetic field at those temperatures. Though the gas like matter could be, the enormous temperature will radiate towards the materials of the toroidal chamber and melt it in no time.
2:43 I think here that shape is used to extract energy from Earth's potential gradient and as an antenna to catch clouds in the middle of Reno to slash the energy bill for AC in hotels and casinos and of course electricity transport networks.
It is generally agreed there is no immediate future for those. They say decades away from having free and clean energy from fusion.
Fusion is when you put together two simple atoms, like deuterium, and tritium, two forms of hydrogen, and create helium.
Though at the end of reaction we have the same number of protons and neutrons, there is a mass difference between the sum of masses of particles entering the reaction and of the resulting ones and that difference is turned into energy by the famous formula. E = mc2. C square being of course speed of light to the power of two which number is enormous, something with 16 o 17 zeroes. It is called mass deffect.
It is said mass itself contains a huge amount of energy which is true.
This so call mass defect is very hard to explain even with relativistic terms. I will leave it out of this discussion for now.
This is what happens deep inside our Sun and keeps it hot for billion of years (until all or enough hydrogen have been turn to helium etc.). No it does not explode, some say because of the enormous pressure due to gravity, some say there is not enough pressure to do just that.
Unlike fission reactors which split atoms, again aiming to turn the mass difference (defect) into energy, producing a myriad of daughters from fissionable material (fuel), extremely polluting and hard to get rid of, fusion do not produce any pollutants and deuterium is found naturally in water.
For a number of hydrogen oxygen molecules there will be one of deuterium oxygen molecule, which can be separated mechanically. Unlimited almost free clean energy. However.
And one more catch. You need a temperature of hundreds of millions of degrees Celsius to start and maintain the reaction. Deuterium and tritium atoms have to move fast enough to bump and stick together to create helium. Temperature is the measure of how fast molecules move or vibrate within a material, gas or liquid or solid.
Like anybody else. Too drown in daily mishaps to pay attention to those. Let the scientists do their job while i try to enjoy mine. Squeeze the old lemon as much as you can.
But for some reason my subconscious never, ever gave a green light to a hope in those.
However subconscious seldom gives any explanation. Possibly at some level deep buried inside our brain there is the algorithm and the myriad of information are gathered constantly and casually in a lifetime and put aside and processed to take that decision. Possibly the pessimistic and overused terms we hear about in articles.
Still they are building those in various sizes and shapes all around the world.
But time has come now to look a bit deeper, a bit beyond what surfaced in media. Cause the motivation has become obvious. There are reasonable suspicions now they are something else. In my mind suspicion arose first when looking at the temperatures. Hundreds of millions degrees.
7-10 times more than in the middle of the Sun (depending on sources). But between the core of the Sun where the reactions take place and its surface of 6000 degrees C whatever there is a 400.000 miles insulating layer of hydrogen.
Let's say you "confine" plasma with a well directed magnetic field in such ways it does not touch the walls of the structure. However, radiation from that plasma would suffice to melt those in a fraction of a second. I know, it is heat, not temperature that melts something but if there's more than an ounce of plasma in there at over 100 million degrees...
And BTW why do they need so much plasma, judging by the size of those i've seen in pictures, when they could use way less amounts at least until they're done with experimental stage?
One more thing. I know ways to produce energy for free that are already used on Earth. They are called heat pumps, which produce several times more energy than drawn from grid.
They are mainly with some rather subtle variations surprisingly simple empty toroidal volumes (empty donuts if you want) shielded with metal and/or ceramic and surrounded by a number of conductors sunk into liquid helium. The reason for that is because at ambiental pressure helium boils at only 4 degrees above zero absolute (-273.15 degrees on the Celsius scale, and -459.67 on the Fahrenheit scale).
And we all know, if something boils, like water, it will stay at boiling temperature no matter what. At ambiental pressure a liquid cannot exceed a temperature higher than its boiling point. All we need is enough helium to maintain the level (of course through boiling helium turns into gas and escapes, that is the price we pay for) to keep the conductor sank and become superconductor.
(Some would say with better results than filling balloons or inhaling to change your voice into a "heilish" one).
The conductors immersed in boiling helium loose any resistance to flow of electrons among their frozen atoms hence we can pass through enormous currents, to create enormous magnetic fields bla bla.
Something we all have seen or felt when we have done an MRI and had all protons flipped over. Think of a tokamak like an MRI on steroids.
So here we are, building the tokamak. Looking today into them, the construction seem, as i said, surprisingly simple. A toroidal coil and a couple more i forgot what for. Through in some metal to make for the immersion pool, ceramic for heat shielding, etc..
Fill it with a bunch of plasma made of deuterium and tritium, which is basically superheated gas, to the point electrons and nuclei separate and move freely. And due to their electric charge they of course... what? What happens to an electric charge within a magnetic field?
What i'm searching for. If there is a current of plasma looping in the tokamak. There should be at least two. One on the outside of the plasma torus, consisting of charged nuclei (just protons and neutrons, missing electrons) and one on the inside, in the opposite direction, consisting of electrons.
If you want a net current, you can get easily rid of electrons by purging or catching them somehow, maybe just at the beginning when they are not fast enough but just separated. Ground them. Pretty much like you would in magnetohydrodynamic generator.
Then you can have positively charged rotating plasma of which you can increase rotation by adding more magnetic field and make the donut of plasma stretch though centripetal force, again similarly with stretching the electric quanta moving down in squares on the gold pyramidion in the ancient devices in Giza. More elegant devices for a more civilized age.
And now we can guess what happens when you stretch a closed loop of electric current. At the level of currents and magnetic fields inside the tokamak, you can probably again crack open space itself.
12:43 Here is one in building stage. There is only one fraction or section (like an orange slice) is ready. You can realize the size of it. For what, if it will not work for decades?
Galileo officially first saw with his newly invented telescope the craters on Moon in 1608. It is clear it was the ultimate proof to skeptics that Earth was similar to Moon, a globe floating in space. Because he saw on Moon craters similar to those on Earth. And those craters appeared as ovoid projections when looking closer to Moon's horizon, again suggesting or confirming the fact Moon was a sphere.
Next major evolutionary step in planetary study: Google Earth interactive 3D "telescope" that allows every one of us to see for the first time his own planet in the same time in detail and as a bigger picture. Like a martian would through an optical telescope, only better cause we can turn it around and zoom and tilt and also can see for the first time the bottom of the oceans using an interactive 3D interface.
For those who have enough internet speed and computing power, i invite you to click this link for a direct experience of the web version of Google Earth. It may take some time loading, again, depending on those two factors mentioned above.
Here is a simulation video on how the world's most famous crater was formed (the one that supposedly killed the dinosaurs 66 million years ago, which on geological time scale, is not much, Earth being way over 4.5 billion years old). I've been searching all day for something like this. Reason? Wanted to know if the material from a big (metal) meteorite will be either embedded in Earth's crust, buried deep in it, or get vaporized.
Motivation? Very simple, there are only a few places on surface of the Earth where gold and other precious metals can be found anymore, buried deep and in low concentrations and we know that they've been brought here by big metal asteroids, originating in neutron stars, after the cooling and solidifying of Earth's crust so they could be in much bigger amounts. The answer to that question will help me figure if there's anything important left and where.
But the answer is not simple, it all depends. On velocity, angle of descent, impact, size and composition.
According to the site where i took the video, this 11 km diameter simulated object entered tens of km into the Earth's crust before getting hot enough, by friction between its own compressing components, to explode and create the much larger crater.
Explanation on the site or better said what i understood from it: Friction was so intense and temperature so high because of pressure resulting from deceleration that most of it got vaporized by that heat while surrounding rock under it on the path of fall to some extent also got very hot and also vaporized and for an instant it was all kept pressurized by the same deceleration that heated them until fall and deceleration finally stopped, pressure was released and then they blew together up in the atmosphere.
Much of it spread and fell all around the globe in a thin, irretrievable layer but we know that a percentage from that object mixed with the crustal rock remained and was covered by the rock pushing back in the hole created by the crash, (also proving the theory that the current crust is not a contigous solid but more like an agglomeration of rocks). In the simulation a few blobs also flew vertically at high speed but not fast enough to escape Earth gravity and fell back in the crater.
Before Earth and the other rocky planets the space around our Sun was filled with rocks, most likely debris captured in orbit by Sun after the death of nearby neutron stars or maybe supernova, debris that were orbiting around Sun figuring a disk, pretty much like the asteroid belt, a remnant of that age still does today, but those being too far apart to clump together to form a new planet. Due to gravity those rocky debris started to hit together, melt and clump around the biggest in a process called accretion. As those grew bigger and their gravity stronger, the speed of impacts each adding momentum, though from random directions.
Here is an animation of what remained today of the original asteroid field circling the Sun, Earth's orbit being shown with white..
Thus, during first geological age of Earth, that of forming when Earth grew by clumping debris, asteroids and the smaller meteorites were still striking very frequently, basically adding "brick by brick" to the mass of Earth and temperature created by those impacts with the solidifying crust was keeping most of the planet melted except maybe for the inner core that was solidified by pressure.
However there is/was an opposite, cooling phenomenon. Water caught in chemical formulas in the freshly melted rocks brought by meteorites and asteroids started to outgas and bubble at the surface and when that water was reaching the edge of space, was freezing and falling back to earth then boiling again, in a cycle that was cooling the surface of the hot lava ocean and starting to form the solid crust we live on today. Comets are chunks of ice that mixed with rocks that melted and outgassed water that froze and are still orbiting around Sun.
Since accretion started to occur also in other points in space closer to Earth's orbit by the same process seen on Earth, we can assume that at a certain point in time there was in the vicinity of Earth at least one object similar in size to today's Moon that caught a "favorable" momentum after last impact with other large clumps and and got caught by Earth's gravity and started to rotate on a similar orbit the Moon does today. However, the multitude of asteroids and meteorites still present would slow it down while making it bigger and keep it melted, most of them hitting from against the direction of rotation or better said, that proto-Moon was actually sweeping the space around Earth of asteroids while growing and slowing down and lowering orbit.
Because of that sweeping action of the Moon, fewer asteroids started to fall on Earth which just started to cool more an form a thicker solid crust that at that time was featureless, with a uniform boiling ocean covering it.
At a certain point in time that first proto-Moon got too close to Earth to maintain orbit and simply fell spiraling onto Earth and merged with it in a cataclysmic event.
Due to transient hydrodynamic phenomena immediately after the merger giant blobs of melted material from the melted cores of both planets flew back into space, some, including the lightest (made mostly of silica) far enough and with enough rotating momentum to remain in orbit and form a new Moon, with the heavier ones falling back onto Earth to form the first continents and mountains. That impact modified the direction of rotation axis and speed of the Earth, and also left traces on the initially featureless crust on Earth, like first oceans, continents and mountains.
Here is a video made on space station showing the hydrodynamics of rejecting a blob from a sphere of water after it was hit by an initial blob.
Of course liquid rock (magma) is way less fluid than water and at this scale water has no gravity of its own to pull back the drops, the blobs being kept spherical by lack of any gravity and Van der Waals forces, but it's the closest similar thing i can show right now, short of again a supercomputersimulation (what do they do with those anyways, hammering the stock market?).
However they were most likely enough meteorites left in the vicinity of Earth to hit that Moon too and keep it melted and get slowed too and eventually fall back on Earth and that process repeated until they were no meteorites left, with every fall forming new oceans and continents. Earth itself was capturing meteorites by "mowing" them from the field with its gravity, which in the end it slowed it down until a big one changed its direction and that process repeated, this explaining several changings of direction of the magnetic field seen in rocks today, field created and maintained by electrojets which direction depends on the direction of the rotation axis.
Water vapor at the edge of space under solar radiation started to dissociate with releasing of oxygen and hydrogen which being the lightest element flew back in space. However the oxygen at highest altitudes again under solar radiation ionized and formed the ionosphere too. Convection currents in the ionosphere under Coriolis effect created the electrojets which in turn created the magnetic field with its protecting role on life. Electrojets are depending on Coriolis effect of which direction depends on direction of rotation.
Due to the way that last Moon was formed, the one we see today in the sky, mostly by merging of blobs and not by accretion of asteroids, there are on Moon features similar to those on Earth, like round seas and continents and mountains, though seas are voided of water. In fact, Mare Imbrium reminds me of the bottom of Pacific Ocean and US west coast as seen on Google Earth from west.
I don't know if the meteorite that created Chicxulub crater, (simulation in first video), the one that supposedly killed all the dinosaurs 66 million years ago was mostly made of metal. But i'm almost sure that the one that created Vredefort crater 2 billion years ago was. Because within 70 km of the center of that crater, southwest of Johannesburg, there is South Deep, one of the biggest gold mines in the world and there's another top ten one nearby. Most likely, the cause behind the creation of that country.
That crater that was created by one of the few asteroids that were still falling, had an initial radius of 300 km, also an inner "dome" or peak (inner circle of the bull's eye, visible on Google Earth, partially eroded during the 2 billion years since it was formed, of course by weather and water, which is missing on Moon).
I know that what i wrote so far is still in the realm of hypothesis or theory. But i will show something now that will convince many. Next stop on the virtual travel using Google Earth. Boddington mine near Perth in western Australia.
See those "rays starting west of Perth shooting in all directions in the bottom of the Indian Ocean? They are the same type of rays as seen on Moon and the official explanation for that is... rocks thrown after an impact. They are again mining on the bottom of a metal meteorite crater.
Next stop. Aleutian Islands, North Pacific Ocean. To me, at first it looked like a big one hit north of the Ocean and that arch of islands is the remaining of the outer rim. Bering Sea also has its bottom much higher than that of the ocean. Suggesting the newcomer actually... added some material on top of the crust? Must have been a slow-mo one liquid one. Pushing that material over the bottom of the ocean, sort of like a semi-solid fog bank. And we can see the material from that one didn't go deep in the Earth or blew into the atmosphere. Most likely a heavy blob from the merger with a Moon that didn't go very far and fell back in slow motion.
Being closest, could have been a heavy blob, maybe from the cores of the two merging planets, in which case it could contain massive amounts of heavy metals. I can see now i was wrong when i said the heavy metals from the core of a planet can never be brought to the surface.
Lighter and heavier blobs landed everywhere forming mountain chains of which, by their appearances one is the Himalayas.
But after figuring that out and taking another look it seems the whole Asian continent, from Bering Sea to Himalayas and Philippines Sea have been formed (or topped) by blobs that fell from above, with most in the direction of moving descending of one of the Moons that "fell" at an angle, again some 4.5 billion years ago, at the same time with creation of the Moon. A process that seems, by its today's remains, very messy.
Do you see the southern rim of the Himalayas? It looks exactly like the ridge in the Pacific Ocean south of Aleutians. We can see even parts of it (left and right) flowing off before the blob solidified completely
The bigger picture, all the whole "mess" left behind by the collision of Earth with that planet or what we call today the Asian continent. We can see blobs that fell and solidified in top of each other.
When the last Moon before current one hit the Earth most likely changing the axis of rotation of the Earth or tilting it the way we know it today, slowing rotation, etc., it came on a descent angle from west to east, and the earth moved eastwards while the blobs fell behind creating eastern Asia with waves in front of the impact topping the crust forming the coastal mountains of Americas.
Colorado Plateau, Columbia River Plateau were formed later by smaller asteroids
What is most intriguing is the presence of such diverse minerals in the area of today's Utah and Arizona. By the processes of formation previously described the original crust and core of the planet should be pretty homogeneous and made of the lightest materials that separated at the surface before the mergers with the moons. So they can only be explained by later additions to that crust. Which could not have been asteroids because there's no craters.
The only explanation that remains is they could be ejection blobs after a liquid merger, but they do not resemble those seen in East Asia, either by composition or shape. Explanation of the composition is they they could be parts of the inner core of the old Moon, with heavy metals it it. How did they get there. There seem to be clues at the bottom of the ocean, features that are called by mainstream science "mid ocean ridges" created by the hypothetical tectonic plates pushing against each other.
They cannot be such because of several reasons. There are 4 of those, pretty close to each other respect to "usual" size of a hypothetical tectonic plate, quite parallel and most important, there are no cracks in between ridges to explain movements of the "plates" towards each other. There cannot be that many convection currents that would look like long blankets coming out of the magma and going back in the whole lengths of those or like a long bar with a u shaped cross section, that is most of the bottom of the ocean. The only other explanations is they are scratches caused by solid rocks flying at high speed, most likely eastwards, most likely fragments from the same collision and by the composition of those rocks at their final "resting point" in Utah and Arizona they can only be coming from the inner core of the merged Moon.
The only problem that remains is to explain how and where they got out of the Earth as rejection blobs and why they had this momentum, parallel with Earth's surface.
But first another question. Anyone can guess what happens with the core of a planet that has melting temperature, solidified by pressure, when it is suddenly released of that pressure like being pushed at the surface after a merger by ejecting hydrodynamic forces like in the experiment on the Space Station above? Does it turn to liquid instantly, slowly, does it explode, does it turn to pieces?
How about near horizontally landing meteorites landing on ocean. Could one of these have landed in today's western Pacific Ocean and plowing the bottom all the way to east than jumping on dry land and ending in today's Utah? A big asteroid which path or orbit could not be influenced by Earth's gravity's anomalies came down on Earth spiraling and after several rotations it landed on a very low angle, close to horizontal, sort of like a glider, coming from west and touching south of the Sea of Philippines after it broke in the lowest, densest layers of the atmosphere in several pieces which plowed the bottom of the ocean, jumping over the West Coast mountain ranges and landing there. If it would have hit land first it would have probably exploded and vaporized like the one in the video simulation, causing a mass extinction event, or jumped back into space, instead it hit the ocean at an angle close to horizontal and the ocean acted like a break, allowing the pieces after plowing the bottom to land relatively intact on the other side of the mountains. This could have happened any time and possibly during our time, that is in the last 10000 years, maybe ending the last ice age.
BTW do you see the nice horsy with T-Rex legs going west towards those craters. Wonder what can that be, a joke of God? What we know for sure, it was there when that passage of Bible was written.
Atlantic Ocean with its many lines at the bottom seem to have been pounded by many asteroids, from west to east in the same way you would turn a piece of a wobbling log on a lathe.
If that log was a sphere and had gravity it still would not hold water on top of the newly created surface, however falling asteroids also have a vertical component of momentum and that surface will be a bit deeper than in this image. A few kilometers deep compared to the radius of Earth of 6 378.1 km
At this point to me it looks like the Atlantic Ocean was dug by asteroids falling west to east from the asteroid field remaining after accretion and pushed the scratched material in Africa and Europe.
It was the time when Earth's orbit was still filled with asteroids, all arranged in the planetary plane (a disk surrounding the Sun, pretty much like the rings of Saturn containing the planets). In this artist's rendition those moons around Saturn can figure the planets around Earth, the path before and after that moon is shown cleared, but i think. The asteroids and moons of Saturn are rotating at the same angular speed because weight does not count when orbiting, only speed and distance from center of rotation. However Earth had a significant gravity and was "mowing" all the surrounding asteroids creating a void it around it and its a rotation speed that gave the falling asteroids a spiral trajectory (in Earth's coordination system) when falling and that rotation added a horizontal component to the falling speed. Unless this is not an artist rendition but a more realistic composition.
Asteroids due to lack of gravity (which increases with weight, or volume or radius at the power of 3) at remaining smaller sizes (biggest started the accretion and were already caught by Earth or Moon earlier) were bumping rather then hitting each other and melting and fusing together and that was creating sort of like a brownian motion in the field replenishing the void.
The reason was they all came at approximately the same longitude is Earth was Earth slightly wobbling as a result of the huge depression we today call the Pacific Ocean again created by after an impact with a liquid moon, crust freezing before reshaping completely, due to water that again, flowed over from rest of the planet after the impact), the opposite half being slightly "taller" than the side with the ocean. However in the vicinity of the ocean, where the blobs that flew in space after the original impact and fell back, heaviest first, were also the newly created mountains that also solidified on top of the crust as a result of presence of water which again, boiled and went into space where it condensated on the nearby asteroids and came back later as comets.
The asteroids' last paths of descending were affected by these gravity disturbances which were asymmetric, with more mountains like the Hymalayas and Rockies on northern hemisphere. This way, those falling on northern Atlantic Ocean, affected (attracted) by the mountains were falling earlier. The smallest who fell up north at even lower speed (rotation speed decreases with increasing of latitude) melted on impact and piled creating Greenland while the bigger still carving a narrower ocean. Further up north, no more asteroids falling because it was above the asteroid field.
Once falling at an angle on the left side of Atlantic ocean, they were not melting or exploding because of compression at impact because falling on water, having a relatively low speed (on a cosmic scale) and not burning in the atmosphere with only the closest from the field being caught by Earth rest still being held there by the combining gravity of all the others.
The reason some of the African soil is unstable with so much sand (silica) that gave birth to Sahara desert must be the minerals in it are the lightest, being scratched and brought by asteroids from the crust that separated at the surface of liquid globe when Earth was formed while asteroids themselves being heavier. In the case or Romania, again, a metal one must have flown over the continent after splashing and re-emerged from the ocean and landed there.
The fact that these were falling from today's west to east indicates that at the time Earth was rotating the other way around, faster than today, probably since the splashing impact that created the mountains around western Pacific. By "mowing" asteroids in the original asteroid field that were digging the Atlantic Ocean Earth slowed that rotation until one of them, probably the Utah one gave it enough momentum to start rotating the other way around, as we see it today tilting rotating axis and reversing magnetic field recorded in rocks that solidified before and after that event, around 780 million years ago. (BTW have you caught a rabbitlately?)
Maybe this late "scraping" process can still be seen on the moons of other planets with rings, on a different scale, via strongest telescopes or by a space mission. Here is real image of Saturn by Hubble. As i said, previous one was an artist's rendition, showing the moons in the ring's plane. However in a real image, they are shown apart. However they should pass through the rings, at least twice a year since orbits of all planets of a system should pass through any other's planes if they are not already in the same plane like in the solar system. Probably can't find any detailed real image of one of the moons, maybe except the greater one, Titan. They assume Enceladus is full of ice because of its great reflectivity. Keep searching but probably the best picture of Titan is that in the last link. A bit disappointed, a bit confused like so many others because of the many unreal renditions out there that every once in a while keep popping in the news, just to keep us entertained.
Ok. Here's some real pictures of the largest moons in our solar systems including our own, for comparison. There are merging oceans ( Ganymede, should see the other side), rays (traces) of asteroids exploding on surface, (on Europa, which seems made of ice, the near horizontally landing asteroids should circle it like, how many times?), traces of plowing asteroids and meteorites, but can't possible say if there's carved seas. One of the reason you can't see those clearly in existing pictures like you see the Atlantic Ocean on Google Earth is exaggeration of the scale of depth on Google Earth. In reality, Pacific Ocean's deepest point is at -10 km, with Everest at 8, while Earth's radius is 6357. Can't see those without mapping and i don't believe Google would send a space ship just to map them like it took pictures of most streets and houses on earth or of all features of the depths of oceans using hired sonar ships. (Maybe should have installed one of those multi-ocelli sphere cameras on Musk's car). But maybe, maybe, that brown area on Europa is a meteorite dug depression in ice, proving my theory.
Rotating near horizontally landing iron asteroids and meteorites do like to zigzag ice on one area more than others on Jupiter's Europa (hope the picture is real). However Europa is tidally locked to Jupiter, always showing the same face towards it. Maybe the area we see in the image is the one it exposes to dust when it passes through the rings
Here we can see there are different opinions about the brown stains of Europa. In the following screenshot you can see people can be confused about which way our Moon rotates.
From what we see on the icy surface of Europe, the rotation speed of asteroids makes them leave a zigzagging trace on the ground.
The last major extinction event on Earth occurred 252 million years ago is synchronous with the apparition of Siberian Traps, one of the large igneous provinces on Earth. Unfortunately i cannot see with Google Earth any obvious traces of an asteroid ending up there. In the mean time i ran into a geological tool also based on Google Earth that tells you with a simple click on map or globe the age of rocks. The age is given in geological eras and not in Ma (Million years ago) so you have to go to a legend to see the age in Ma, if you're not a geologist. However the map is intuitive because youngest rock formations are shown in red, oldest in violet. Being based on Google Earth again you would need a decent computer to be able to use it.
In this screenshot from OneGeology portal mentioned in the link above my guess is the asteroid landed again in the ocean where the crater can be seen as the agglomeration of islands in the middle of the screenshot (near Zemlya Georga) or even before, in Iceland. By falling on ocean (Actic) it did not explode on impact but heated up and partially melted and rolled three thousands km SE, in the red area, the above mentioned Siberian Traps, where the events, so called lava eruptions that last 2 million years and wiped out 75% of vertebrate species on Earth (and 98% of those in oceans) again 252 million years ago. As a result of the impact crust cracked again at the bottom of the ocean in deepest areas, with eruptions of lava from the melted core of planet.
Another one, this time coming from today's south (of Maldives) and ending in western India, forming the Deccan Traps, ...66 million years ago!
Pictured with both Google Earth and OneGeology because on the latest you can't see well the bottom of Indian Ocean.
Two more in South Atlantic. One coming from west, one from east creating igneous provinces in Africa and South America. No, i don't believe in Pangaea, drifting continents and tectonic plates, just because they fit some creationist myths. Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago and continents started drifting 335 million years ago, after magma has cooled and crust thickened? The igneous province in Africa said to be remnant of CAMP is younger (138 vs 208-201).
At this point i started to believe that asteroids which touch down on dry land at very low angles, like those in oceans shown in last images are bouncing back into space or bounce until they heat an ocean. Cause for all of the igneous provinces i looked so far i found traces only in oceans.
Without knowing the truth about the past there can be no manageable future.
Ethiopia-Yemen Continental Flood Basalts (red on OneGeo) seem to be aligned with Gulf o Aden and Arabian Sea but there's also a crater forming Seychelles archipelago south of it.
Spain and Pyrenees. Two distinct craters one on top of others, a whole depression like "a see of tranquility" (where crust melted) west of it. It was a time when Earth was not rotating very fast. Italy. One came from today's south, created Tyrrhenian Sea and jumped and formed the Alps. But it's weird cause data show parts of the Alps are very old (blue on map) and parts very new (brown, red), talking about billions of years difference. Could it be the impact raised the crust. Romania and Carpathian Mountains. Landing in Black Sea coming from today's east. Macedonia. Coming from south of Italy.
Romania. Nort-west area of the Black Sea is filled with sediments from Danube. Black Sea was probably bigger covering what today is Eastern Romania and the first impact pushed the crust higher. There are traces of the "jump" with violet in Eastern Romania near Danube Delta, of the same ages (about 500 Ma) with Southern Carpathians.
There is a black area on the geological maps that on the legend is shown as impact. Don't know the age of that impact, but it was in that area where the solid core of a semiliquid one landed. Rest of it was not solid since it didn't leave a crater but small mountains, called Western Carpathian, a mountainous ring with a dome in the middle with the diameter of 70 km and the core that landed in middle was made of heavy metals. There are important gold deposits in those mountains, the biggest in Europe. Roșia Montana is just an old site mined since the Romans.
There are numerous places with names starting with Baia, in and outside this map which suggest washing stations for mines. Also Criș comes from a Sanskrit word meaning gold.
Here is a zoom from the above image showing how the site of Roșia Poieni, a few km south from Roșia Montana looks today. A quarry with the diameter of 1 km, a sterile deposit with the diameter of 1.5 km, something green leaking in a river. What intrigues me again is the name of a place, Vința, which pronounces in the same way as the name of the old Danubian Civilization i wrote about in another blog post.
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