"Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg were both prominent physicists who significantly contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, with Schrödinger known for his "wave equation" and Heisenberg for his "uncertainty principle" which describes the limitations in knowing both the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously."
I said before what quantum is. Everything that is molecules and smaller. What does that mean. Molecules and everything smaller are made of combinations of particles that are always of the same size and have the same properties.
Because at the base all particles are made of strings, that are stationary waves made of oscillating virtual particles created initially as a reaction of the void to abrupt motion of charged particles like electrons and are always the same because the electric charge of virtual particles is always the same. Quantum stands for same quantity.
The two scientists named above created the cloud or shell model, which says the electrons move around fixed charged particles in shells or clouds.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle solved one problem, or better said, one worry about why we can't know how the electrons move in a cloud by simply stating we can't know, and sealing that statement with an equation.
It is true for the most part. We can't know where they are except they do reside in clouds or shells and those clouds exist at quantified energy level or heights and speeds. Because electrons are quantum particles and they rotate around other quantum particles and there are only a few precise orbit they can occupy.
However this model has some serious inconveniences. One of them is we cannot figure by it the true nature of spontaneous emissions of photons.
The other is purely psychological. Students who later become scientists are baffled by the... uncertainty.
However in that cloud they are not vaporized of merged or anything as the model suggests. Electrons are still there and moving and most importantly, from time to time, colliding with each other. It is not a magical "quantum cloud", but their trajectories are so complicated we do not have the capabilities of writing down equations to describe them though lately we could model their motion on supercomputers.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle solved one problem, or better said, one worry about why we can't know how the electrons move in a cloud by simply stating we can't know, and sealing that statement with an equation.
It is true for the most part. We can't know where they are except they do reside in clouds or shells and those clouds exist at quantified energy level or heights and speeds. Because electrons are quantum particles and they rotate around other quantum particles and there are only a few precise orbit they can occupy.
However this model has some serious inconveniences. One of them is we cannot figure by it the true nature of spontaneous emissions of photons.
The other is purely psychological. Students who later become scientists are baffled by the... uncertainty.
However in that cloud they are not vaporized of merged or anything as the model suggests. Electrons are still there and moving and most importantly, from time to time, colliding with each other. It is not a magical "quantum cloud", but their trajectories are so complicated we do not have the capabilities of writing down equations to describe them though lately we could model their motion on supercomputers.
In a few words, it is a classic physics n body problem where n represents the number of particles of the whole assembly however non-symmetrical, with electrons repelling, not attracting each other, moving on an area close to a sphere, attracted electrostatically and gravitationally by a central non-punctiform mass and thrown away by centripetal forces, with sometimes missing electrons and some receiving energy from photons.
Thus the speed of electrons on a level is not constant but constantly modified by all the above describe forces and events and inevitably sometimes colliding with each other.
Indeed, the equations describing the motions of electrons are so complicated we may be tempted to call for an uncertainty umbrella equation.
However with the advent of supercomputers, i think they can be modeled, starting with assemblies with few particles at the center and in orbits.
Thus the speed of electrons on a level is not constant but constantly modified by all the above describe forces and events and inevitably sometimes colliding with each other.
Indeed, the equations describing the motions of electrons are so complicated we may be tempted to call for an uncertainty umbrella equation.
However with the advent of supercomputers, i think they can be modeled, starting with assemblies with few particles at the center and in orbits.
The number of electrons on each energy level is also quantified, with the first levels being occupied first and each level having a certain tolerance of total energy of all moving electrons.
From time to time two electrons on the same level can collide near frontally so violently they can be knocked out of orbit and move to a higher quantum level, creating a vacancy in the current. This may create an imbalance in the whole assembly, with more electric charges near periphery.
Almost immediately a slow moving electron from the higher level or even the same will fall back in the vacant space, and the whole up and down movement of an electron creating an electric oscillation in the assembly that will create an incomplete magnetic field line in the surrounding void which in turn will create one of its own und so weiter in a ladder like pattern we may call a photon.
From time to time two electrons on the same level can collide near frontally so violently they can be knocked out of orbit and move to a higher quantum level, creating a vacancy in the current. This may create an imbalance in the whole assembly, with more electric charges near periphery.
Almost immediately a slow moving electron from the higher level or even the same will fall back in the vacant space, and the whole up and down movement of an electron creating an electric oscillation in the assembly that will create an incomplete magnetic field line in the surrounding void which in turn will create one of its own und so weiter in a ladder like pattern we may call a photon.
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